Publications

2024

• van Breugel, M., J.S. Hall, M. Bailon, D. Craven. Persistent effects of landscape connectivity on recruitment dynamics in secondary forests. Preprint on EcoEvoXriv. https://doi.org/10.32942/X2ZP6G.
• Lam, Weng Ngai, J. Huang, A. Tay, H.J. Sim, P.J. Chan, K.E. Lim, M.L., Amy N.A. Aritsara, R. Chong, Y.Y. Ting, N.E. Rahman, T. Sloey, M. van Breugel, K.F. Cao, A. Wee, K.Y. Chong (2024), Leaf and twig traits predict habitat adaptation and demographic strategies in tropical freshwater swamp forest trees. New Phytologist (Accepted 10 May 2024).
• Van der Sande, M. [and 60 others, including M. van Breugel](2024). Tropical forest succession increases taxonomic and functional tree richness but decreases evenness. Global Ecology and Biogeography (Accepted).
• Schorn, M.E., S. Kambach, R.L. Chazdon, D. Craven, C.E. Farrior, J.A. Meave, R. Munoz, M. van Breugel, L. Amissah, F. Bongers, B. Herault, C.C. Jakovac, N. Norden, L. Poorter, M.T. van der Sande, C. Wirth, D. Delgado, D.H. Dent, S.J. DeWalt, J.M. Dupuy, B. Finegan, J.S. Hall, J.-L. Hernandez-Stefanoni, O.R. Lopez, N. Rueger (2024). Tree demographic strategies largely overlap across succession in Neotropical wet and dry forest communities.  Ecology (accepted).
• Wong, M.Y., N. Wurzburger, J.S. Hall, S.J. Wright, W. Tang, L.O. Hedin, K. Saltonstall, M. van Breugel, S.A. Batterman(2024). Trees adjust nutrient acquisition strategies across tropical forest secondary succession. New Phytologist (accepted).
• Blondeel, H., J. Guillemot, N. Martin-StPaul, A. Druel, S. Bilodeau-Gauthier, J. Bauhus, C. Grossiord, A. Hector, H. Jactel, J. Jensen, C. Messier, B. Muys, H. Serrano-León, H. Auge, N. Barsoum, E. Birhane, H. Bruelheide, J. Cavender-Bares, C. Chu, J.R. Cumming, A. Damtew, N. Eisenhauer, O. Ferlian, S. Fiedler, G. Ganade, D.L. Godbold, D. Gravel, J.S. Hall, D. Hölscher, K.B. Hulvey, J. Koricheva, H. Kreft, C. Lapadat, J. Liang, X. Liu, C. Meredieu, S. Mereu, R. Montgomery, L. Morillas, C. Nock, A. Paquette, J.D. Parker, W.C. Parker, G.B. Paterno, M.P. Perring, Q. Ponette, C. Potvin, P. Reich, J. Rentch, B. Rewald, H. Sandén, K. Sinacore, R. J. Standish, A. Stefanski, P.C. Tobin, M. van Breugel, M. Vergara Fagundes, M. Weih, L.J. Williams, M. Zhou, M. Scherer-Lorenzen, K. Verheyen, L. Baeten (2024). Tree diversity reduces variability in sapling survival under drought. Journal of Ecology 112(5): 1164-1180. Doi: 10.1111/1365-2745.14294.
• Poorter, L., M.T. van der Sande, L. Amissah, F. Bongers, I. Hordijk, J. Kok, S.G. W. Laurance, M. Martínez-Ramos, T. Matsuo, J.A. Meave, R. Muñoz, M. Peña-Claros, M. van Breugel, B. Herault, C.C. Jakovac, E. Lebrija-Trejos, N. Norden, M. Lohbeck (2024). A comprehensive framework for vegetation succession. Ecosphere 15(4): e4794.
• van Breugel, M., F. Bongers, N. Norden, J. Meave, L. Amissah, W. Canthorn, R. Chazdon, D. Craven, C. Farrior, J.S. Hall, B. Hérault, C.C. Jakovac, E. Lebrija-Trejos, M. Martinez-Ramos, R. Muñoz, L. Poorter, N. Rüger, M. van der Sande, D. Dent (2024). Multiple feedback loops drive ecological succession; towards a unified conceptual framework. Biological Reviews 99(3): 928-949.  Doi: 10.1111/brv.13051.
• Sinacore, K., E.H. García, A. Finkral, M. van Breugel, O.R. Lopez, C. Espinosa, A. Miller, T. Howard, J.S. Hall (2024). Mixed success for carbon payments and subsidies in support of forest restoration in the neotropics. Nature Communications 14: 8359. Doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-43861-4

2023

• Ngute, A.S.K., D.S. Schoeman, M. Pfeifer, G.M.F. van der Heijden, O.L. Phillips, M. van Breugel, M.J. Campbell, C.J. Chandler, B.J. Enquist, R.V. Gallagher, C. Gehring, J.S. Hall, S. Laurance, W.F. Laurance, S.G. Letcher, W. Liu, M.J.P. Sullivan, S.J. Wright, C. Yuan, A.R. Marshall. Global dominance of lianas over trees is driven by forest disturbance and climate (2023). Global Change Biology 30(1): e17140 . Doi: 10.1111/gcb.17140
• Rüger, M., M.E. Schorn, S. Kambach, R.L. Chazdon, C.E. Farrior, J.A. Meave, R. Muñoz, M. van Breugel, L. Amissah, F. Bongers, D. Craven, B. Hérault, C.C. Jakovac, N. Norden, L. Poorter, M.T. van der Sande, C. Wirth, D. Delgado, D.H. Dent, S.J. DeWalt, J.M. Dupuy, B. Finegan, J.S. Hall, J.L. Hernández-Stefanoni, O.R. Lopez (2023). Successional shifts in tree demographic strategies in wet and dry Neotropical forests. Global Ecology and Biogeography 32(6): 1002-1014. Doi.: 10.1111/geb.13669
• Sinacore, K., E.H. García, Th. Howard, M. van Breugel, O.R. Lopez, A.J. Finkral & J.S. Hall (2023). Towards effective reforestation: growth and commercial value of four commonly planted tropical timber species on infertile soils in Panama. New Forests 54(1): 125-142.  Doi: 10.1007/s11056-022-09906-0

2022

• Sloey, T., K.E. Lim, J. Moore, J.M. Heng, J.M. Heng & M. van Breugel (2022). Influence of abiotic drivers on 1-year seedling survival of six mangrove species in Southeast Asia. Restoration Ecology 30(8): e13694. Doi: 10.1111/rec.13694
• Tommaso Jucker [and 120 others, including M. van Breugel](2022). Tallo: A global tree allometry and crown architecture database. Global change biology 28(17): 5254-5268. Doi: 10.1111/gcb.16302
• Jakovac, C. [and 136 others, including M. van Breugel](2022). Strong floristic distinctiveness across Neotropical successional forests. Science Advances. 8(26): eabn1767. Doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abn1767
• Hall, J.S., J.S. Plisinski, S.K. Mladinich, M. van Breugel, H.R. Lai, G.P. Asner, J.R. Thompson (2022).  Deforestation scenarios show the importance of secondary forest for meeting Panama’s carbon goals. Landscape Ecology 37: 673–694. Doi: 10.1007/s10980-021-01379-4

2021

• Poorter [and 90 others, including M. van Breugel] (2021). Multi-dimensional tropical forest recovery. Science 374 (6573), 1370-1376. Doi: 10.1126/science.abh3629
• Poorter [and 58 others, including M. van Breugel] (2021). Functional recovery of secondary tropical forests. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118 (49): e2003405118. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2003405118
• Lai, H.R., D. Craven, J.S. Hall, F.K. C. Hui & M. van Breugel (2021). Successional syndromes of saplings in tropical secondary forests emerge from environment-dependent trait–demography relationships. Ecology Letters 24 (9): 1776-1787. Doi: 10.1111/ele.13784.
• Estrada-Villegas, S., J.S. Hall, M. van Breugel, S. Schnitcher (2021). Lianas do not reduce tree biomass accumulation in young successional tropical dry forests. Oecologia 101(5): e02989. Doi: 10.1007/s00442-021-04877-z
• Epihov, D.Z., K. Saltonstall, S.A. Batterman, L.O. Hedin, J.S. Hall, M. van Breugel, J.R. Leake, D.J. Beerling (2021). Legume-microbiome interactions unlock mineral nutrients during tropical forest succession. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118 (11): e2022241118. Doi: 10.1073/pnas.2022241118
• Boyle. M.J.W., T.R. Bishop,  S.H. Luke,  M. van Breugel,  T.A. Evans,  M. Pfeifer,  T.M. Fayle,  S.R. Hardwick,  R.l. Lane-Shaw, K.M. Yusah,  I.C. R. Ashford, O.S. Ashford, E. Garnett, E.C. Turner,  C. L. Wilkinson,  A.Y.C. Chung & R.M. Ewers (2021). Localised climate change defines ant communities in human‐modified tropical landscapes. Functional Ecology 35(5): 1094-1108. Doi. 10.1111/1365-2435.13737

2020

• Boeschoten, L.E., M. van Breugel, M. Bailon, J. Balbuena, M. Nuñez, A. Cerezo & J.S. (2020). Framework species approach proves robust in restoring forest on fire prone invasive grass: A case study from Panama. Journal of Sustainable Forestry 40(2): 197-215. Doi: 10.1080/10549811.2020.1746915
• Estrada-Villegas, S., J.S. Hall, M. van Breugel, S. Schnitzer (2020). Lianas reduce biomass accumulation in early successional tropical forests. Ecology 102(5): e02989. Doi: 10.1002/ecy.2989
• Lai. H.R.1, K.Y. Chong, A.T.K. Yee, H.T.W. Tan & M. van Breugel (2020). Identifying functional traits that moderate plant recruitment in a wind-disturbed tropical lowland rainforest. Journal of Ecology 108(4): 1322-1333. Doi: 10.1111/1365-2745.13347

2019

• Levy-Varon, J.H., S.A. Batterman, D. Medvigy, X. Xu, J.S. Hall, M. van Breugel & L.O. Hedin (2019). Tropical carbon sink accelerated by symbiotic dinitrogen fixation. Nature Communications 10(1): 1-8. Doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-13656-7.
• Kattge et al [and 729 others, including M. van Breugel] (2019) TRY plant trait database–enhanced coverage and open access. Global Change Biology 26(10): 119-188. Doi: 10.1111/gcb.14904
• Adams, B.J., E.M. Gora, M. van Breugel, S. Estrada-Villegas, S.A. Schnitzer, J.S. Hall & S.P. Yanoviak (2019). Do lianas shape ant communities in an early successional tropical forest? Biotropica 51(6): 885-893.Doi: 10.1111/btp.12709
• Estrada-Villegas, S., M. Bailón, J.S. Hall, S.A. Schnitzer, B.L. Turner, T.T. Caughlin & M. van Breugel (2019). Edaphic factors and initial conditions influence successional trajectories of early regenerating tropical dry forests. Journal of Ecology 108(1): 160-174. Doi: 10.1111/1365-2745.13263.
• Yee, A.T.K., H.R. Lai, K.Y. Chong, L. Neo, C.Y. Koh, S.Y. Tan, W.W. Seah, J. Loh, R. Lim, M. van Breugel & H.T.W. Tan. Hugh (2019). Short-term responses in a secondary tropical forest after a severe windstorm event. Journal of Vegetation Science 30: 720-731. Doi: 10.1111/jvs.12753.
• Poorter [and 79 others, including M. van Breugel] (2019). Wet and dry tropical forests show opposite successional pathways in wood density but converge over time. Nature Ecology & Evolution 3: 928-934. Doi: 10.1038/s41559-019-0882-6
• Rozendaal, D.M.A. [and 76 others, including M. van Breugel] (2019). Biodiversity resilience of Neotropical secondary forests. Science Advances 5(3): eaau3114. Doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aau3114
• Van Breugel, M., D. Craven, H.R. Lai, M. Baillon, B.L. Turner & J.S. Hall (2019). Soil nutrients and dispersal limitation shape compositional variation in secondary tropical forests across multiple scales. Journal of Ecology 107(2): 566-581. Doi: 10.1111/1365-2745.13126
• Mayoral, C., M. van Breugel, B.L. Turner, G.P. Asner, N.R., Vaughn & Jefferson S. Hall (2019). Effect of microsite quality and species composition on tree growth: A semi-empirical modeling approach. Forest Ecology and Management 432, 534-545. Doi. 10.1016/j.foreco.2018.09.047
• Ng, L.F., L.T. Ng, M. van Breugel, B. Halliwell & J. Gruber (2019). Mitochondrial DNA damage does not determine C. elegans lifespan. Frontiers in Genetics – Genetics of Aging. Doi: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00311.

2018

• Batterman, S, J.S. Hall, B. Turner, L. Hedin, J. K. LaHaela Walter, P. Sheldon & M. van Breugel (2018). Phosphatase activity and nitrogen fixation reflect species differences not nutrient trading or nutrient balance across tropical rainforest trees. Ecology Letters 21: 1486–1495. Doi. 10.1111/ele.13129.
• Craven, D.J., J.S. Hall , G.P. Berlyn, M.S. Ashton & M. van Breugel (2018). Habitat filtering limits functional diversity during succession in a wet tropical secondary forest. Journal of Vegetation Science 29(3): 511-520. Doi. 10.1111/jvs.12632
• Gei, M. [and 68 others, including M. van Breugel](2018). Legume abundance along successional and rainfall gradients in Neotropical forests. Nature Ecology and Evolution 2: 1104–1111. Doi. 10.1038/s41559-018-0559-6.
• Lai, H.R.1, J.S. Hall, S.A. Batterman, B. Turner & M. van Breugel (2018). Nitrogen fixer abundance has no effect on biomass recovery during tropical secondary forest succession. Journal of Ecology 106(4): 1415-1427. Doi: 10.1111/1365-2745.12979

2017

• Lai, H.R.1, J.S. Hall, B. Turner & M. van Breugel (2017). Liana effects on biomass dynamics strengthen during secondary forest succession. Ecology 98(4): 1062-1070. Doi: 10.1002/ecy.1734.
• Muscarella, R., M. Lohbeck, M. Martínez-Ramos, L. Poorter, J.E. Rodríguez-Velázquez, M. van Breugel & F.  Bongers (2017). Demographic drivers of functional composition dynamics. Ecology 98: 2743-2750. Doi: 10.1002/ecy.1990.
• Mayoral, C., M. van Breugel, A. Cerezo & J.S. Hall (2017). Survival and growth of five Neotropical timber species in monocultures and mixtures. Forest Ecology and Management 403: 1-11. Doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2017.08.002.
• Rozendaal, D.M.A. [and 18 others, including M. van Breugel] (2017)]. Demographic drivers of aboveground biomass dynamics during secondary succession in Neotropical dry and wet forests. Ecosystems 20(2): 340-353. Doi: 10.1007/s10021-016-0029-4.

2016

• Caughlin, T.T., S.J. Graves, G.P. Asner, M. van Breugel, J.S. Hall, R.E. Martin, M.S. Ashton, S.A. Bohlman (2016). A single hyperspectral image can accurately predict growth rates of twenty tropical tree species. Ecological Applications 26(8): 2367-2373. Doi: 10.1002/eap.1436
• Chazdon, R.L., [and 59 others, including M. van Breugel] (2016). Carbon sequestration potential of second-growth forest regeneration in the Latin American tropics. Science Advances 2:  e1501639. Doi: 10.1126/sciadv.1501639.
• Poorter, L. [and 64 others, including M. van Breugel] (2016). Biomass resilience of Neotropical secondary forests. Nature 530: 211–214. Doi: 10.1038/nature16512

2015

• Barry, K.E., S. A. Schnitzer, M. van Breugel & J. S. Hall (2015). Rapid Liana Colonization and Community Development along a Secondary Forest Chronosequence. Biotropica 47(6): 672–680. Doi: 10.1111/btp.12259
• Craven, D., J.S. Hall, G.P. Berlyn, M.S. Ashton & M. van Breugel (2015). Changing gears during succession: shifting functional strategies in young tropical secondary forests. Oecologia 179: 293-305. Doi: 10.1007/s00442-015-3339-x.
• Norden, N., H.A. Angarita, F. Bongers, M. Martínez-Ramos, I. Granzow-de la Cerda, M. van Breugel, E. Lebrija-Trejos, J.A. Meave, J. Vandermeer, G.B. Williamson, B. Finegan, R. Mesquita, R.L. Chazdon (2015). Successional dynamics in Neotropical forests are as uncertain as they are predictable. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112: 8013-8018.
• Letcher, S.G., [and 55 others, including M. van Breugel] (2015). Environmental gradients and the evolution of successional habitat specialization: a test case with 14 Neotropical forest sites. Journal of Ecology 103: 1276–1290. Doi: 10.1111/1365-2745.12435.
• Van Breugel P., R. Kindt, J.-P.B. Lillesø, M. van Breugel (2015). Environmental Gap Analysis to Prioritize Conservation Efforts in Eastern Africa. PLoS ONE 10(4): e0121444. 
• Falster D.S., (and 95 others, including M. van Breugel] (2015). BAAD: a Biomass And Allometry Database for woody plants. Ecology 96(5): 1445.

2014

• Lohbeck, M., L. Poorter, M. Martínez-Ramos, J. Rodriguez-Velázquez, M. van Breugel, F. Bongers (2014). Changing drivers of species dominance during tropical forest succession. Functional Ecology 28: 1052–1058

2013

• Batterman, S.A., L.O. Hedin, M. van Breugel, J. Ransijn, D.J. Craven & J.S. Hall (2013). Key role of symbiotic dinitrogen fixation in tropical forest secondary succession. Nature 502: 224–227
• Van Breugel, M., J.S. Hall, D.J. Craven, M. Bailon, A. Hernandez, M. Abbene, & P. van Breugel (2013). Succession of ephemeral secondary forests and their limited role for the conservation of floristic diversity in a human-modified tropical landscape. PLoS ONE 8(12): e82433
• Zimmermann, B., A. Zimmermann, H.L. Scheckenbach, T.Schmid, J.S. Hall & M. van Breugel (2013). Changes in rainfall interception along a secondary forest succession gradient in lowland Panama. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 17: 4659-4670
• Asner, G.P., J. Mascaro, C. Anderson, D.E. Knapp, R.E. Martin, T. Kennedy-BowDoin, M. van Breugel, S. Davies, J.S. Hall, H.C. Muller-Landau, C. Potvin, W. Sousa, J. Wright and E. Bermingham (2013). High fidelity national carbon mapping for resource management and REDD+. Carbon Balance and Management 8: article number 7

2012

• Lohbeck, M., L. Poorter, H. Paz, L. Pla, M. van Breugel, M. Martínez-Ramos & F. Bongers (2012). Functional diversity changes during tropical forest succession. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 14 (2): 89-96
• Letcher, S., R. Chazdon, A. Andrade, F. Bongers, M. van Breugel, B. Finegan, S. Laurance, R. Mesquita, M. Martínez-Ramos & G. Williamson (2012). Phylogenetic community structure during succession: evidence from three Neotropical forest sites. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 14(2): 79-87
• Van Breugel, M., P. van Breugel, P. Jansen, M. Martínez-Ramos & F. Bongers (2012). The relative importance of above- versus belowground competition for tree growth during early succession of a tropical moist forest. Plant Ecology 213 (1): 25-34
• Asner, G. P. , J. Mascaro, H.C. Muller-Landau, G. Vieilledent, R.Vaudry, M. Rasamoelina, J. Hall & M. van Breugel (2012). A Universal Airborne LiDAR Approach for Tropical Forest Carbon Mapping. Oecologia 168: 1147–1160

2011

• Van Breugel, M., J. Ransijn, D.J. Craven, F. Bongers & J.S. Hall (2011). Estimating carbon stock in secondary forests: Decisions and uncertainties associated with allometric biomass models. Forest Ecology and Management 262(8): 1648-1657
• Van Breugel, M., J.S. Hall, D.J. Craven, T.G. Gregoire, A. Park, D.H. Dent, M.H. Wishnie, E. Mariscal, J. Deago, D. Ibarra, N. Cedeño & M.S. Ashton (2011). Early growth and survival of 49 tropical tree species across sites differing in soil fertility and rainfall in Panama. Forest Ecology and Management 261: 1580-1589
• Visser, M.D., E. Jongejans, M. van Breugel, P.A. Zuidema, Y.-Y. Chen, A. R. Kassim & H.de Kroon (2011). Strict mast fruiting for a tropical dipterocarp tree: A demographic cost-benefit analysis of delayed reproduction and seed predation. Journal of Ecology 99: 1033–1044
• Mascaro, J., G. P. Asner, H.C. Muller-Landau, M. van Breugel, J.S. Hall, & K. Dahlin (2011). Controls over aboveground forest carbon density on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Biogeosciences 8: 1615-1629, 
• Paul, Gillian S. F. Montagnini, G.P. Berlyn, D.J. Craven, M. van Breugel & J.S. Hall (2011). Comparisons of foliar herbivory and leaf defense traits among native tree species in a young plantation of Central Panama. New Forests 3: 69-87
• Neumann-Cosel, L., B. Zimmermann, J.S. Hall, M.van Breugel & H. Elsenbeer (2011). Soil carbon dynamics under young tropical secondary forests on former pastures – A case study from Panama. Forest Ecology and Management 261: 1625-1633
• Hassler, S., B. Zimmermann, M. van Breugel, J.S. Hall & H. Elsenbeer (2011). Recovery of saturated hydraulic conductivity under secondary succession on former pasture in the humid tropics. Forest Ecology and Management 261: 1634-1642
• Hall, J.S., B.E. Love, E.J. Garen, J.L. Slusser, K. Saltonstall, S.Mathias, M. van Breugel, D.Ibarra, E.W. Bork, D. Spaner, M.H. Wishnie & M.S. Ashton (2011). Tree plantations on farms: Evaluating growth and potential for success. Forest Ecology and Management 261: 1675-1683

2010

• Park, A.D., M. van Breugel, M.S. Ashton, M. Wishnie, E.Mariscal, J.Deago, D. Ibarra, N. Cedeño, & J.S. Hall (2010). Local and regional environmental variation influences the growth of tropical trees in selection trials in the Republic of Panama. Forest Ecology and Management 260: 12-21

2009

• Chazdon, R.L., C.A. Harvey, O. Komar, D.M. Griffith, B.G. Ferguson, M. Martínez-Ramos, H. Morales, R. Nigh, L. Soto-Pinto, M. van Breugel & S.M. Philpott (2009). Beyond reserves: A research agenda for conserving biodiversity in human-modified tropical landscapes. Biotropica 41: 142-153

2008

• Brienen, R.J.W., E. Lebrija-Trejos, M. van Breugel, E.A. Pérez-García, F. Bongers, J.A. Meave & M. Martínez-Ramos (2008) The Potential of tree rings for the study of forest succession in southern Mexico. Biotropica 41: 186-195
• Harvey, C.A., O. Komar, R. Chazdon, B.G. Ferguson, B. Finegan, D.M. Griffith, M. Martínez-Ramos, H. Morales, R. Nigh, L. Soto-Pinto, M. Van Breugel & M. Wishnie (2008). Integrating agricultural landscapes with biodiversity conservation in the Mesoamerican hotspot. Conservation Biology 22: 815
• López-Toledo, L., M. Martínez, M. van Breugel & F.J. Sterck (2008). Soil and light effects on the sapling performance of the shade-tolerant species Brosimum alicastrum (Moraceae) in a Mexican tropical rain forest. Journal of Tropical Ecology 24: 629–637

2007

• Dekker, M., M. van Breugel & F. J. Sterck (2007). Effective height development of four co-occurring species in the gap-phase regeneration of Douglas fir monocultures under nature-oriented conversion. Forest Ecology and Management 238: 189-198, Doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2006.10.012
• Chazdon, R. L., S. Letcher, M. van Breugel, M. Martínez-Ramos, F. Bongers & B. Finegan (2007). Rates of change in tree communities of secondary Neotropical forests following major disturbances. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 362: 273-289
• Van Breugel, M., F. Bongers & M. Martínez-Ramos (2007). Species Dynamics during early secondary forest succession: recruitment, mortality and species turnover. Biotropica 39: 610-619

2006

• Van Breugel, M., M. Martínez-Ramos & F. Bongers (2006). Community dynamics during early secondary succession in Mexican tropical rain forests. Journal of Tropical Ecology 22: 663-674